AT 261 Engine Performance
Mr. Reed
Tuesday - 12:00pm - 5:00pm
Thursday - 12:00pm - 5:00pm
Syllabus Review
•	EP is a culmination of;
•	Electrical Class and Engine Repair.
•	Electrical - Reading schematics, using a DVOM, testing circuits
•	Engine Repair - Parts and failures.

•	Which means…

•	If you are in one of those classes right now, you will have it play a little catch-up..

How to do well in this class.
1 - Show up on time
•	Often, late in the semester people show up late at the start of class.
•	The weather gets nicer.
•	The days get longer.
•	Missing Class impacts your grade as much as a test does.
•	Gets on my “bad side”
2 - Do the work in the class.
•	Do it well
•	Don’t play on the web…
•	Work with fellow students (yes, there will be a project…)
•	Work on the labs.. Not with your hands in your pockets
•	Fill out the labs - fully
•	Work safe - a MUST!
3 - Do the work OUTSIDE of class
•	Homework - MUST be typed.  No exceptions.
–	Counts as much as a test grade
•	Forums MyCCP
•	E-mail - MyCCP (only!)
•	My website
•	Mandatory Office Hours
•	Ford Tech Service. (user ccpauto - pw - oilpan)
–	Counts as much as a test grade
All must be done on time.
4 - Study
•	No Music
•	No IMs\Chat
•	No WEB
•	No Cell Phone
•	Eat sometime, have something to drink
•	Find a quiet place to work
•	“Two hours for every hour of class”
Hours
•	There are 168 hours in a week
•	You need (8 hours to sleep) – 56hrs
•	10 hours of this class per week
•	I’d say that you could spend up to an extra 20 hours a week for out of class.
•	Use your time wisely.
Grades
•	See Example
Safety Factors Needed When working on vehicles;
•	1 - Running Engines put out toxic gases

•	HC (Gasoline)
•	CO (Carbon Monoxide)
•	Nox (Oxides of Nitrogen)

•	Cars MUST be hooked up to the exhaust system

•	2 - Moving objects and tools.

•	Safety Glasses

•	Oil, Gasoline (under pressure up to 100 PSI), compressed air.
•	Belts, coolant overflow

•	3 - Hot engine parts.

•	Exhaust manifolds - 600 deg.
•	Intake manifolds - 200 deg.
•	Catalytic Converter - 1500 deg.
•	Cooling System components - 220 deg.
Break.
Engine Performance;

•	What is it?

•	A high performance car?
•	An everyday driver?
•	A car that is “broken”?

It’s all of them.
•	Take two cars.. Not the same 

•	2000 - Ferrari
•	2000 - Ford Escort

•	What things are the the same?
•	What things are different?
Both
•	Are fuel injected
•	Both run on gasoline
•	Both have to start and run
•	Both have to do so in all weather conditions
•	Both have to run at top performance
•	Both have to not pollute

What we will cover in this class;
•	Systems;
•	Base Engine (Mechanical) as it relates to performance
•	Fuel systems
•	Forced Induction
•	Intake Systems
•	Exhaust Systems 
•	Ignition Systems
•	Computer Systems and Sensors
•	Emissions Systems
Engine Diagnosis
•	Smoking
•	Lack of power
•	Poor Running
•	No Start (not No-Crank AT121)
•	Failed Emissions
•	Check Engine Light Diagnosis
•	Sensor testing
What won’t we cover?
Carburetors
•	“Electronic feedback” carburetors
•	Other vehicle systems (that do not interact with EP..)
•	Diesel Operation
What YOU will get -
•	By the 2nd test 

–	you are given a car, some tools, and it won’t start.
•	YOU have to tell me why.

•	By the final (3rd test)

–	The hood stays closed.  You (with a scan tool) tell me what’s wrong with the car.  And where and how to fix it on a wiring diagram.
Now…..
•	That may sound like a lot.

•	But….

•	If YOU do the work I assign, and as you to do..

•	IT’S EASY!
SCENARIO.

•	“A car won’t start”

•	“Why?”
1 - Don’t guess.

•	It’s a systematic approach that will fix it right the 1st time, on time
2 - Never “shotgun”
•	“Throwing money” or guessing never works.
•	Ok it does sometimes, but it’s a waste.
•	Nothing fixes something “a little better”.   
•	That is the statement of a moron.
•	*I* want you to be a heat seeking missile when it comes to finding and fixing the problem.
3 - “It’s the Computer”
•	9 out of 10 times it’s NOT the computer.
•	The computer can’t fight for itself, and well, it does not have too much to say (in English) and gets picked on a lot since people have no idea how it works.
•	But the fact is most of the time, it all works, or it does not work at all.
•	Ford one had a TSB out that said 95% of the PCMs sent back “broken” had NOTHING wrong with them.
4 - Where’s the scan tool?

•	Forget it. (for now) lets focus on BASIC issues, 
•	9 out of 10 times it’s a pulled hose, or worn gasket,  broken wire, bad ground , or LACK OF MAINTENANCE that causes the problem. 
5 - ALWAYS START WITH THE BASICS!!!!

•	Great!  So what are the basics?

•	Fuses?

•	Got GAS?!?!  

(Gasoline) Vehicle needs 3 things to run.

•	1 - Fuel - Right time and pressure
•	2 - Spark - Right time and voltage
•	3 - Air - Right pressure at the right time 
Fuel

•	Fuel Pump/Fuse/Relay
•	Fuel Filter
•	Fuel Lines/Rail/Pressure Regulator
•	Fuel Injectors - Sensors/Computer
•	Fuel Timing
Spark

•	Plugs, Wires, Cap/Rotor, Coil(s)
•	Primary Sensors
•	Fuses/Relays
•	Ignition Timing
Air
•	Intake/Exhaust system
•	Air filter
•	Intake leaks
•	Valve Leaks (intake and exhaust)
•	Piston/Rings/Head - Compression
•	Timing Belt/Chain

•	IF you start with these basic points, you CAN FIX EVERY CAR!

•	YOU are an automotive detective!  You are given a "crime scene", and you have to catch (fix) the offending part.  Using your tools, you will gather CLUES to solve the “crime”!
Tools needed;
•	Diagrams
•	Mitchell’s
•	Tools
•	YOUR BRAIN!!!
•	The "contractors" triangle paradox;

Engines;
•	Internal Combustion?

•	External Combustion?
PISTON and ROD
•	Cast Piston
•	Forged Piston
•	Barrel Skirt
•	Slipper Skirt
CRANKSHAFT
•	Changes Recipro-cating motion to Rotary motion
PISTON CONFIGURATIONS
•	Inline 6
•	Inline 4
•	Opposed 4
•	V-6
•	V-8
•	W engines
OTHER ENGINE ID’S
•	Valve Train Type
–	Flathead
–	Overhead Valve (OHV)
–	Overhead Cam (OHC) or (SOHC)
–	Dual Overhead Cam (DOHC)
•	Engine Displacement
–	Conversion Factors From CI to CC 
–	CC to CI
DEFINITIONS
•	TDC
–	Top Dead Center
–	Piston at top of stroke.
•	BDC
–	Bottom Dead Center
–	Piston at Bottom of stroke.
•	STROKE
–	TDC to BDC
–	BDC to TDC
–	180 degrees of crankshaft rotation
•	FOUR CYCLE (Stroke)
–	4 x 180 = 720 degrees to make one complete cycle.
FOUR STROKE CYCLE
•	Intake
•	Compression
•	Power
•	Exhaust
IGNITION 
•	Spark Ignition (SI)
–	Gasoline Engines use a precisely timed electric spark to start the combustion process.
•	Compression Ignition (CI) 
–	Diesel Engines use the heat produced from compression to raise cylinder temperature above the flash point of diesel, and inject fuel directly into the cylinder.
CAMSHAFTS
•	Camshafts turn at one half crankshaft speed.
•	Camshafts can be driven with a gear, chain and sprocket, or toothed belt.
•	Camshafts have one lobe for each valve.
INTAKE STROKE
•	Intake valve open
•	Exhaust valve closed
•	piston traveling down from TDC to BDC
•	Air is being force into the cylinder by the difference between atmospheric and cylinder pressure
•	Makes Vacuum
COMPRESSION
STROKE
•	Both valves closed
•	Piston traveling up BDC to TDC
•	Compressing the air-fuel mixture
POWER
STROKE
•	Both valves closed
•	Spark plug ignites the air fuel mixture
•	Piston is being pushed down by the expanding gases from TDC to BDC
EXHAUST
STROKE
•	Exhaust valve open
•	Intake valve closed
•	Piston traveling up from BDC to TDC forcing the burnt exhaust gases from the cylinder

•	At TDC the engine has returned to its starting point.

Take in a mixture of air and fuel
Compress the fuel, making it volatile
Add a small spark – make combustion
We take the heat from a controlled burn of gasoline
Expand nitrogen gas
 Push the piston “down”	
 Vent “dead gasses” – Start the process over again! 

Ok, for the next class..
•	Get the book